Peut-on envisager la translation du concept de constitution hors du cadre étatique ?

Introduction La notion de constitution est l’une des notions juridiques les plus inextricables et est susceptible de définitions divergentes. C’est une notion a priori simple “ mais dont chacun propose sa propre définition, témoignant ainsi de sa fausse évidence et de sa propre complexité ”. Théoriquement, il existe autant de définitions possibles qu’il y a d’Etats au monde. Chaque Etat dispose en effet d’une constitution au sens large, c’est-à-dire d’un ensemble de règles, même les plus rudi..

LinvPy : a Python package for linear inverse problems

The goal of this project is to make a Python package including the tau-estimator algorithm to solve linear inverse problems. The package must be distributed, well documented, easy to use and easy to extend for future developers

Efficient light coupling for optically excited high-density metallic nanotip arrays

Ultrafast electron pulses can be produced from sharp metallic tips illuminated by femtosecond near infrared laser pulses. Use of an array of metallic nanotips for high charge bunch generation and accelerator applications is also feasible but the small fraction of the emitter tip area limits the quantum efficiency. We therefore propose a submicron-pitch, high-density nanotip array device with a gate electrode, that can support surface-plasmon polaritons. From a theoretical analysis for a device with an asymmetric emitter position, a factor ~30 increased array quantum efficiency is demonstrated

Analysis of Radicals in Combustion Processes

This work reports on a variety of radical analysis applications in combustion that are performed in the laboratories of the Paul Scherrer Institute. Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Resonant Holographic Interferometry is applied to the two-dimensional imaging of radicals in flames. The potential of Four-Wave Mixing Spectroscopy for non-perturbing combustion diagnostics is investigated and the method is applied to radicals in flames. Phase-Conjugation and the use of two different input frequencies are utilized to address typical problems in a combustion environment, i.e., lensing effects due to temperature and density gradients and congested spectra of the analyte due to significant thermal population of the ground state.More fundamentally, experiments are aimed to obtain detailed knowledge on the spectroscopy of many important radicals that are not yet characterized sufficiently for diagnostic purposes. A molecular beam apparatus has been set up where the collisionless and cold environment provides well defined experimental conditions to produce and investigate the relevant radicals. Finally, temporally and spectrally resolved fluorescence decays in the picosecond time domain are measured in an atmospheric pressure flame. These experiments yield results on vibrational and rotational energy transfer that are required for quantitative laser-induced fluorescence measurements

Directly observing squeezed phonon states with femtosecond x-ray diffraction

Squeezed states are quantum states of a harmonic oscillator in which the variance of two conjugate variables each oscillate out of phase. Ultrafast optical excitation of crystals can create squeezed phonon states, where the variance of the atomic displacements oscillates due to a sudden change in the interatomic bonding strength. With femtosecond x-ray diffraction we measure squeezing oscillations in bismuth and conclude that they are consistent with a model in which electronic excitation softens all phonon modes by a constant scaling factor

Dynamics of the photoinduced insulator-to-metal transition in a nickelate film

The control of materials properties with light is a promising approach towards the realization of faster and smaller electronic devices. With phases that can be controlled via strain, pressure, chemical composition or dimensionality, nickelates are good candidates for the development of a new generation of high performance and low consumption devices. Here we analyze the photoinduced dynamics in a single crystalline NdNiO$_3$ film upon excitation across the electronic gap. Using time-resolved reflectivity and resonant x-ray diffraction, we show that the pump pulse induces an insulator-to-metal transition, accompanied by the melting of the charge order. Finally we compare our results to similar studies in manganites and show that the same model can be used to describe the dynamics in nickelates, hinting towards a unified description of these photoinduced phase transitions.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figure

Three (Potential) Pillars of Transnational Economic Justice: The Bretton Woods Institutions as Guarantors of Global Equal Treatment and Market Completion

This essay aims to bring two important lines of inquiry and criticism together. It first lays out an institutionally enriched account of what a just world economic order will look like. That account prescribes, via the requisites to that mechanism which most directly instantiate the account, three realms of equal treatment and market completion - the global products, services, and labor markets; the global investment/financial markets; and the global preparticipation opportunity allocation. The essay then suggests how, with minimal if any departure from familiar canons of traditional international legal mandate interpretation, each of the Bretton Woods institutions - particularly the GATT/WTO and the IMF - can be viewed at least in part as charged with the task of fostering equal treatment and ultimate market completion within one of those three realms. The piece then argues that one of the institutions in particular - the World Bank - has, for reasons of at best negligent and at worst willful injustice on the part of influential state actors in the world community, fallen farthest short in pursuit of what should be viewed as its proper mandate. The article accordingly concludes that a fuller empowerment of the Bank to effect its ideal mission will press the Bretton Woods system more nearly into ethical balance, and with it the world into justice; and that full empowerment of the GATT/WTO and IMF should be partly conditioned upon the fuller empowerment of the Bank

Dynamics of the photoinduced insulator-to-metal transition in a nickelate film

Material properties can be controlled via strain, pressure, chemical composition, or dimensionality. Nickelates are particularly susceptible due to their strong variations of the electronic and magnetic properties on such external stimuli. Here, we analyze the photoinduced dynamics in a single crystalline NdNiO3 film upon excitation across the electronic gap. Using time-resolved reflectivity and resonant x-ray diffraction, we show that the pump pulse induces an insulator-to-metal transition, accompanied by the melting of the charge order. Finally, we compare our results with similar studies in manganites and show that the same model can be used to describe the dynamics in nickelates, hinting towards a unified description of these photoinduced electronic ordering phase transitions. © 2018 Author(s)